Personal Concerns and next steps

As do many of my classmates I have many concerns about going into to next semester of student teaching. Many of my concerns stem from not fully understanding the use of standards and how to know for sure if your students are learning what they need to be. As a first year teacher do I teach what I think are the main ideas of the standards and wait to see if my class passes or fails or do we have a education class that teaches correct application of the standards. I have written many lesson plans with standards listed on them but I am not truely sure if I am covering in depth what needs to be taught per each standard. When will I know for sure if what I am teaching is what my students need to know. The only solution I see to this with less than six months before I am in a classroom is creating more lesson plans and trying to understand the true depth behind all the standards in all the content areas.
Another concern I have is in specialization in content areas. Even in second grade now the students are switching teachers for certain classes. I do not feel as if I am strong enough in any one area to teach in depth about it. I hope these are the fears that all near student teachers face and my solution is to work hard and do my best to understand what my students need to learn to be successful.
With concerns,
Hannah